Using Isopropyl Alcohol for First Aid

Isopropyl alcohol has been a fixture in medicine cabinets and first aid kits for decades. Its ability to kill bacteria and other microorganisms makes it invaluable for various first aid applications. However, knowing when and how to use IPA correctly can mean the difference between helping a minor injury heal and potentially causing additional harm. This guide draws on clinical experience to help you use isopropyl alcohol safely and effectively for first aid.

Why 70% IPA Is the Standard for First Aid

If you look at any medical-grade rubbing alcohol, you'll notice it's almost always 70% isopropyl alcohol. This isn't arbitrary—there's solid science behind this concentration.

The 30% water content in 70% IPA serves a critical purpose: it helps the alcohol penetrate bacterial cell walls. Pure alcohol can actually cause proteins on the outside of bacteria to coagulate rapidly, creating a protective layer that prevents deeper penetration. The water in 70% IPA slows this process, allowing the alcohol to enter cells and denature proteins throughout the organism.

Additionally, the water content means 70% IPA evaporates more slowly than higher concentrations, giving it more contact time to kill pathogens. Studies have consistently shown that 70% IPA is more effective at killing a broader range of bacteria and viruses than 90% or 99% concentrations.

Appropriate First Aid Uses

Skin Preparation Before Injections

One of the most established uses for 70% IPA is cleaning skin before injections or blood draws. The procedure is straightforward:

1. Apply 70% IPA to a cotton ball or sterile pad
2. Wipe the injection site in a circular motion, working outward from the centre
3. Allow the skin to dry completely before proceeding (usually 30 seconds)
4. Do not touch the cleaned area

Allowing the skin to dry is essential—both for disinfection effectiveness and to avoid stinging when the needle enters.

Cleaning Around Minor Wounds

For minor cuts, scrapes, and abrasions, IPA can help clean the skin around the wound. However, it's important to understand the distinction: clean around the wound, not deep inside it.

• Use 70% IPA on a cotton ball or sterile pad
• Gently clean the intact skin around the wound's edges
• This removes surface contaminants and bacteria that could migrate into the wound
• Allow to dry before applying dressings

Disinfecting First Aid Equipment

70% IPA is excellent for cleaning first aid tools and surfaces:

• Tweezers: Clean before removing splinters
• Scissors: Disinfect before cutting bandages
• Thermometers: Clean before and after use
• First aid kit surfaces: Wipe down periodically

Tick Removal Aftercare

After properly removing a tick (using fine-tipped tweezers, not IPA), clean the bite site and your hands with 70% IPA. The alcohol doesn't help remove the tick, but it does help disinfect the area afterward.

When NOT to Use IPA

Understanding when to avoid isopropyl alcohol is just as important as knowing when to use it. Improper use can delay healing, cause pain, and potentially worsen outcomes.

Inside Open Wounds

This is perhaps the most common misconception about rubbing alcohol. While IPA kills bacteria, applying it directly into wounds causes several problems:

• Tissue damage: IPA is cytotoxic, meaning it damages healthy cells as well as bacteria
• Delayed healing: Killed cells need to be replaced, slowing the healing process
• Significant pain: IPA in wounds causes intense stinging
• No clear benefit: Proper wound cleaning with water is equally effective and less harmful

Deep or Serious Wounds

Puncture wounds, deep cuts, bites, or wounds with embedded objects require professional medical attention. Using IPA is not appropriate for these injuries and may cause complications.

Burns

Never apply IPA to burns. The alcohol can cause additional tissue damage and intense pain. Instead, cool the burn under running water for at least 20 minutes and seek medical advice for anything beyond minor first-degree burns.

Large Areas of Broken Skin

Extensive skin damage (such as road rash) should not be treated with IPA. The alcohol can be absorbed through the damaged skin in amounts that may cause systemic effects, particularly in children.

Eyes, Ears, and Mucous Membranes

IPA should never be used near or in eyes, ears, nose, or mouth. It can cause severe irritation and damage to these sensitive tissues.

Hand Sanitising with IPA

One of the most practical first aid-related uses of IPA is hand sanitisation. While soap and water remain the gold standard for hand hygiene, alcohol-based sanitisers are valuable when washing isn't available.

Effectiveness

Alcohol-based hand sanitisers containing 60-80% alcohol are effective against many common pathogens, including many bacteria and viruses. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the importance of accessible hand sanitisation.

Proper Use

1. Apply enough sanitiser to cover all hand surfaces (about 3ml)
2. Rub hands together, covering all surfaces including between fingers and around nails
3. Continue rubbing until hands are dry (about 20 seconds)
4. Do not wipe or rinse off

Limitations

• Less effective on visibly dirty or greasy hands
• Does not kill all types of germs (notably norovirus and bacterial spores)
• Repeated use can cause skin dryness
• Not a complete substitute for handwashing

IPA in Your First Aid Kit

Every well-equipped first aid kit should include 70% IPA. Here's what to include and how to maintain it:

Recommended Items

• 70% IPA in a sealed bottle: A 100-250ml bottle is typically sufficient
• Pre-soaked alcohol swabs: Convenient for quick use, individually sealed for sterility
• Cotton balls or sterile pads: For applying IPA when needed

Maintenance

• Check expiry dates periodically (especially pre-soaked swabs)
• Ensure containers are tightly sealed to prevent evaporation
• Replace any opened items that may have become contaminated
• Store the first aid kit in a cool, dry location

Alternatives to IPA for First Aid

While 70% IPA is excellent for many first aid applications, alternatives exist for specific situations:

• Povidone-iodine (Betadine): Effective antiseptic for wound edges; less tissue damage than IPA
• Chlorhexidine: Long-lasting antiseptic often used in healthcare settings
• Hydrogen peroxide: Once popular but now generally discouraged due to tissue damage (though useful for removing dried blood)
• Saline solution: Gentle wound irrigation without tissue damage

Special Considerations

Children

Use IPA cautiously with children. Their smaller body size means greater risk from accidental ingestion or absorption. Always supervise use and keep IPA securely stored away from children.

Sensitive Skin

Some individuals may experience excessive drying or irritation from IPA. If you notice persistent redness, cracking, or discomfort, reduce frequency of use and consider moisturising afterward.

Allergies

True allergies to isopropyl alcohol are rare but possible. If you experience hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing after IPA exposure, seek immediate medical attention and avoid future use.

Conclusion

Isopropyl alcohol is a valuable tool in first aid when used appropriately. The key points to remember: use 70% concentration for best antimicrobial effect, clean around wounds rather than inside them, and always allow treated skin to dry before proceeding with further care.

While IPA has its place, it's just one tool in a comprehensive first aid approach. Proper wound cleaning, appropriate dressings, and knowing when to seek professional medical care remain fundamental. Keep 70% IPA in your first aid kit, use it correctly, and it will serve you well for years to come.